Contents
List of Tables
About this guide
Notations
Syntax diagrams
About the Pascal language
1 Pascal Tokens
1.1 Symbols
1.2 Comments
1.3 Reserved words
1.3.1 Turbo Pascal reserved words
1.3.2 Object Pascal reserved words
1.3.3 Modifiers
1.4 Identifiers
1.5 Hint directives
1.6 Numbers
1.7 Labels
1.8 Character strings
2 Constants
2.1 Ordinary constants
2.2 Typed constants
2.3 Resource strings
3 Types
3.1 Base types
3.1.1 Ordinal types
3.1.2 Floating-point types
3.2 Character types
3.2.1 Char or AnsiChar
3.2.2 WideChar
3.2.3 Other character types
3.2.4 Single-byte String types
3.2.5 Multi-byte String types
3.2.6 Constant strings
3.2.7 PChar – Null terminated strings
3.2.8 String sizes
3.3 Structured Types
3.3.1 Arrays
3.3.2 Record types
3.3.3 Set types
3.3.4 File types
3.4 Pointers
3.5 Forward type declarations
3.6 Procedural types
3.7 Variant types
3.7.1 Definition
3.7.2 Variants in assignments and expressions
3.7.3 Variants and interfaces
3.8 Type aliases
3.9 Managed types
4 Variables
4.1 Definition
4.2 Declaration
4.3 Scope
4.4 Initialized variables
4.5 Initializing variables using default
4.6 Thread Variables
4.7 Properties
5 Objects
5.1 Declaration
5.2 Abstract and sealed objects
5.3 Fields
5.4 Class or Static fields
5.5 Constructors and destructors
5.6 Methods
5.6.1 Declaration
5.6.2 Method invocation
5.7 Visibility
6 Classes
6.1 Class definitions
6.2 Abstract and sealed classes
6.3 Normal and static fields
6.3.1 Normal fields/variables
6.3.2 Class fields/variables
6.4 Class instantiation
6.5 Class destruction
6.6 Methods
6.6.1 Declaration
6.6.2 Implementation
6.6.3 Invocation
6.6.4 Virtual methods
6.6.5 Class methods
6.6.6 Class constructors and destructors
6.6.7 Static class methods
6.6.8 Message methods
6.6.9 Using inherited
6.7 Properties
6.7.1 Definition
6.7.2 Indexed properties
6.7.3 Array properties
6.7.4 Default properties
6.7.5 Published properties
6.7.6 Storage information
6.7.7 Overriding and redeclaring properties
6.8 Class properties
6.9 Nested types, constants and variables
7 Interfaces
7.1 Definition
7.2 Interface identification: A GUID
7.3 Interface implementations
7.4 Interface inheritance
7.5 Interface delegation
7.6 Interfaces and COM
7.7 CORBA and other Interfaces
7.8 Reference counting
8 Generics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Generic type definition
8.3 Generic type specialization
8.4 Generic type restrictions
8.5 Delphi compatibility
8.5.1 Syntax elements
8.5.2 Record type restrictions
8.5.3 Type overloads
8.5.4 Name space considerations
8.6 Type compatibility
8.7 Using the default intrinsic
8.8 A word about scope
8.9 Operator overloading and generics
9 Extended records
9.1 Definition
9.2 Extended record enumerators
9.3 Record operators
10 Class, Record and Type helpers
10.1 Definition
10.2 Restrictions on class helpers
10.3 Restrictions on record helpers
10.4 Considerations for (simple) type helpers
10.5 A note on scope and lifetime for record and type helpers
10.6 Inheritance
10.7 Usage
11 Objective-Pascal Classes
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Objective-Pascal class declarations
11.3 Formal declaration
11.4 Allocating and de-allocating Instances
11.5 Protocol definitions
11.6 Categories
11.7 Name scope and Identifiers
11.8 Selectors
11.9 The id type
11.10 Enumeration in Objective-C classes
12 Expressions
12.1 Expression syntax
12.2 Function calls
12.3 Set constructors
12.4 Value typecasts
12.5 Variable typecasts
12.6 Unaligned typecasts
12.7 The @ operator
12.8 Operators
12.8.1 Arithmetic operators
12.8.2 Logical operators
12.8.3 Boolean operators
12.8.4 String operators
12.8.5 Dynamic array operators
12.8.6 Set operators
12.8.7 Relational operators
12.8.8 Class operators
13 Statements
13.1 Simple statements
13.1.1 Assignments
13.1.2 Procedure statements
13.1.3 Goto statements
13.2 Structured statements
13.2.1 Compound statements
13.2.2 The Case statement
13.2.3 The If..then..else statement
13.2.4 The For..to/downto..do statement
13.2.5 The For..in..do statement
13.2.6 The Repeat..until statement
13.2.7 The While..do statement
13.2.8 The With statement
13.2.9 Exception Statements
13.3 Assembler statements
14 Using functions and procedures
14.1 Procedure declaration
14.2 Function declaration
14.3 Function results
14.4 Parameter lists
14.4.1 Value parameters
14.4.2 Variable parameters
14.4.3 Out parameters
14.4.4 Constant parameters
14.4.5 Open array parameters
14.4.6 Macpas: UNIV typed parameters
14.4.7 Array of const
14.4.8 Untyped parameters
14.4.9 Ellipsis parameter
14.4.10 Managed types and reference counts
14.5 Function overloading
14.6 Forward declared functions
14.7 External functions
14.8 Assembler functions
14.9 Modifiers
14.9.1 alias
14.9.2 cdecl
14.9.3 cppdecl
14.9.4 export
14.9.5 hardfloat
14.9.6 inline
14.9.7 interrupt
14.9.8 iocheck
14.9.9 local
14.9.10 MS_ABI_Default
14.9.11 MS_ABI_CDecl
14.9.12 MWPascal
14.9.13 noreturn
14.9.14 nostackframe
14.9.15 overload
14.9.16 pascal
14.9.17 public
14.9.18 register
14.9.19 safecall
14.9.20 saveregisters
14.9.21 softfloat
14.9.22 stdcall
14.9.23 SYSV_ABI_Default
14.9.24 SYSV_ABI_CDecl
14.9.25 VectorCall
14.9.26 varargs
14.9.27 winapi
14.10 Unsupported Turbo Pascal modifiers
15 Operator overloading
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Operator declarations
15.3 Assignment operators
15.4 Arithmetic operators
15.5 Comparison operator
15.6 In operator
15.7 Logical operators
15.8 Inc/Dec operators
15.9 The enumerator operator
16 Programs, units, blocks
16.1 Programs
16.2 Units
16.3 Namespaces: Dotted Units
16.4 Unit dependencies
16.5 Blocks
16.6 Scope
16.6.1 Block scope
16.6.2 Record scope
16.6.3 Class scope
16.6.4 Unit scope
16.7 Libraries
17 Exceptions
17.1 The raise statement
17.2 The try...except statement
17.3 The try...finally statement
17.4 Exception handling nesting
17.5 Exception classes
18 Using assembler
18.1 Assembler statements
18.2 Assembler procedures and functions